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The numero sign or numero symbol, №, (also represented as Nº, No, No./no.),^[1][2] is a typographic abbreviation of the word number(s) indicating ordinal numeration, especially in names and titles. For example, using the numero sign, the written long-form of the address 'Number 22 Acacia Avenue' is shortened to '№ 22 Acacia Avenue', yet both forms are spoken long.

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Typographically, the numero sign combines the uppercase Latin letter ⟨N⟩ with a usually superscript lowercase letter ⟨o⟩, sometimes underlined, resembling the masculine ordinal indicator, as a single ligature. The ligature has a code point in Unicode as precomposed character, U+2116№NUMERO SIGN.^[3]

The Oxford English Dictionary derives the numero sign from Latinnumero, the ablative form of numerus ('number', with the ablative denotations of 'by the number, with the number'). In Romance languages, the numero sign is understood as an abbreviation of the word for 'number', e.g. Italian numero, French numéro, and Portuguese and Spanishnúmero.^[4]

Usages[edit]

The numero sign as a single glyph, despite its widespread usage internationally, is not a standard alphabetic symbol in virtually any European language. Its substitution by the two separate letters ⟨N⟩ and ⟨o⟩ is common.

English[edit]

In English, the non-ligature form No. is typical and is often used to abbreviate the word 'number'.^[2] (In North America, the number sign, #, is more prevalent.) The ligature form does not appear on British or American QWERTY keyboards.

French[edit]

The numero symbol is not in common use in France and does not appear on a standard AZERTY keyboard. Instead, the French Imprimerie nationale recommends the use of the form 'n^o' (an 'n' followed by a superscript lowercase 'o'). The plural form 'n^os' can also be used.^[5] In practice, the 'o' is often replaced by the degree symbol (°), which is visually similar to the superscript 'o' and is easily accessible on an AZERTY keyboard.

Spanish[edit]

The numero sign is not typically used in Iberian Spanish, and it is not present on standard keyboard layouts. According to the Real Academia Española^[6] and the Fundéu BBVA,^[7] the word número (number) is abbreviated per the Spanish typographic convention of letras voladas ('flying letters'). The first letter(s) of the word to be abbreviated are followed by a period; then, the final letter(s) of the word are written as lowercase superscripts. This gives the abbreviations n.^o (singular) and n.^os (plural). The abbreviation 'no.' is not used, because it might be mistaken for the Spanish word no (no, not). Furthermore, nro. and núm. are also acceptable abbreviations for número. The numero sign either as a one-character symbol (№) or composed of the letter N plus the superscript 'o' character (sometimes underlined or substituted by º) is common in Latin America, where the interpolated period is sometimes not used in abbreviations.

Italian[edit]

The sign is usually replaced with the abbreviations 'n.' or 'nº', the latter using a masculine ordinal indicator, rather than a superscript 'O'.^[8]

Russian[edit]

Although the letter ⟨N⟩ is not in the Cyrillic alphabet, the numero sign № is typeset in Russian publishing, and is available on Russian computer and typewriter keyboards.

• 1912 typewriter with Russian layout.
  № sign can be seen on the 8 key.

• Russian typewriter, circa 1985.
  № sign can be seen on the 1 key.

• Russiankeyboard layout for Windows.
  The № sign can be seen on the 3 key.

The № sign is sometimes used in Russia in medical prescriptions as an abbreviation for the Latin word numero to denote the number of prescribed dosages (for example, tablets or capsules), and on the price tags in drugstores and pharmacy websites to indicate number of unit doses in drug packages, although the standard abbreviation for use in prescriptions is Н. (Cyrillic 'en').

Philippines[edit]

Because of more than three centuries of Spanish colonisation, the word número is found in almost all Philippine languages. 'No.' is its common notation in local languages as well as English.

Indonesian and Malaysian[edit]

'Nomor' in Indonesian and 'nombor' in Malaysian; therefore 'No.' is commonly used as an abbreviation with standard spelling and full stop.

Nr.[edit]

In some languages, Nr., nr., nr or NR is used instead, reflecting the abbreviation of the language's word for 'number'. GermanNummer is represented this way, and this language capitalises all nouns and abbreviations of nouns. Lithuanian uses it as well, and it is usually capitalised in bureaucratic contexts, especially with the meaning 'reference number' (such as sutarties Nr., 'contract No.') but in other contexts it follows the usual sentence capitalisation (such as tel. nr., abbreviation for telefono numeris, 'telephone number'). It is most commonly lowercase in other languages, such as Dutch, Danish, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Estonian and Swedish. Some languages, such as Polish, omit the dot in abbreviations, if the last letter of the original word is present in the abbreviation.

Typing the symbol[edit]

On typewriters and computers that do not support this symbol, it is acceptable and commonplace to replace it with the trigraph 'No.' (letter 'N', letter 'o', and a period (full stop)).

On typewriters and computers that support the degree symbol a digraph 'N°' may be used. If the masculine ordinal indicator is available, the better digraph 'Nº' may be used. These result in a passable approximation of the numero sign, but such digraphs are inappropriate in formal publications or in computer data.

On Russian computer keyboard layout, the № character is available and often located on the 3 key.

In Mac OS X, the character can be typed using 'U.S. Extended' and 'Irish Extended' keyboard layouts by typing ⇧ Shift+⌥ Option+;. As of macOS 10.13, this combination does not yield the numero symbol when 'U.S.' or 'U.S. International' is chosen. It will only yield the numero symbol when 'ABC – Extended' is chosen as the input keyboard.

In X11 (and related, like Linux) systems with a compose key, the character can be typed using Compose, ⇧ Shift+N, O. Alternatively standard XIM style can be used: Ctrl+⇧ Shift+u then 2116↵ Enter.

In Microsoft Windows and HTML in general, the numero sign can be entered by the Unicode input methods № or №.

Technical considerations[edit]

U+2116 NUMERO SIGN is provided both for Cyrillic use, where it looks like [semi-cursive 'N' followed by raised, underlined small 'o'], and for compatibility with Asian standards, where it looks like [angular 'N' followed by raised, underlined small 'o', followed by a period]. ... Instead of using a special symbol, French practice is to use an 'N' or an 'n', according to context, followed by a superscript small letter 'o' (N^o or n^o; plural N^os or n^os). Legacy data encoded in ISO/IEC 8859-1 (Latin-1) or other 8-bit character sets may also have represented the numero sign by a sequence of 'N' followed by the degree sign (U+00B0 degree sign). Implementations working with legacy data should be aware of such alternative representations for the numero sign when converting data.

See also[edit]

• Number sign (#)

References[edit]

1. ^'no. or No'. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
2. ^ ^abThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN9780199548415.
3. ^'№ – Numero Sign (U+2116) symbol, character, icon, html: № – Letterlike Symbols – Unicode character table'. unicode-table.com.
4. ^'Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar'. askoxford.com.
5. ^Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale (in French). Imprimerie nationale. 2002. ISBN978-2-7433-0482-9.
6. ^'Abreviaturas'. Real Academia Española. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
7. ^'número, abreviatura'. Fundéu BBVA. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
8. ^'La corrispondenza italiana: abbreviazioni'. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
9. ^'The Unicode Standard 5.0 — 15.2 Letterlike Symbols'(PDF). The Unicode Consortium. 2007. Retrieved 2009-09-11.Cite journal requires journal= (help).

External links[edit]

With its intricate pixel art universe where every object was mouse-controllable, the inaugural MacVenture game was like nothing seen before.

• 1Revisions
• 3Unused Graphics
• 4Unused Text
• 10Debugging

Revisions

There are three known versions of this game, published in 1985, 1986, and 1992. Only the last one has a standard version number, which is 2.5.

The releases can be distinguished by the MacVenture engine's hidden self-identification command: highlight the Self button and ask yourself What version?. The game will state whether it is a debugging, demo, or release version, and which one:

The 1986 version erroneously calls itself 'scenario number 2' (meaning the second MacVenture game, Uninvited).

Title Screen

ICOM's address and phone number were updated.

School Of Death Troll Its Not Out Yet Mac Os X

Interface

In the initial release, the text window has a blank title bar while you're playing an unsaved game. As of 1986, it shows the name Untitled.

1992 saw further UI changes:

• Windows were originally maximized by double-clicking their title bars. The grow box in the lower right corner would be inverted (white on black) until the title bar was double-clicked again. This functionality was replaced with standard Mac OS zoom boxes in 1992.

• Command-key shortcuts were added for Open, Save, and Quit.

• The Save dialog was redesigned:

Revised Audio

The final revision replaced the synthesized sound effects with digitized samples. (Due to the complicated MacVenture sound format, the following are line-in recordings from a Macintosh Plus.)

The funeral march was also redone, bringing it closer to the original Chopin.

Revised Text

Although the phone line in Miss Vickers' office is disconnected, her phone will respond to precisely one thing: any use of the letter Q, which was skipped on most older telephones. The message indicating this varied slightly between revisions.

The fake telephone used to access the hidden door in Siegel's office has no reaction to the letter Q.

Rudeness Detection

In the 1980s versions, using these twelve words will get you chided for your 'profanity' or 'crude and vulgar language':

The 1992 release added another 44 terms for a total of 56. (The most esoteric, golden bozos, comes from the same Steve Martin SNL monologue that popularized its synonym hooters.)

Note that the misspelling of the last two words means that their proper spellings go unrecognized.

File Names

Two of the files in the 1985 version are called Déjà Objects and Déjà Execution. The revisions have Déjà Object and Déjà Random instead.

Dual-Scale Objects

The Luger has two sprites: a large one for when it's sitting at the front of the gun shop counter, and a regular-sized one that avoids visually overpowering the rest of your inventory. So do the other guns: you can trade them in for credit, and they'll appear on the counter at the same scale as the Luger.

But that's not all. Three of the items found in your coat at the beginning of the game—the sunglasses, monogrammed handkerchief, and pack of cigarettes—also have larger forms, which can only be seen by taking them out at the gun shop.

We can reasonably speculate that plans were abandoned for many objects to appear larger in the game window than in your inventory, that the feature was retained only to make the guns look right on the counter, and that it was therefore enabled only in that room.

Unused Graphics

Partially Offscreen

The Mercedes is flagged as undraggable, so there's no way to see that its sprite extends well outside the game window.

The open hood is draggable, but is only momentarily visible during a death cutscene so you never have a chance to interact with it.

Sugar's Smile

The close-up of Sugar Shack after she shoots you is made up of two elements: an image of her frowning, and a pasted-over smile. Neither the smiling nor frowning versions are ever seen as apparently intended, because the smile is superimposed one pixel lower than it would take to line up with the frown. The result is an ambiguous 'Mona Lisa scowl'.

Compare the animated mockup at left to the final:

Unused Text

Joe's Bar

The poster of Ace triggers a flashback cutscene whether he's still amnesic or not, which overrides this terse description:

Mercedes

The back door and visible tire of Siegel's car have custom descriptions that are ignored in favor of generic ones ('It looks like a back door'):

That explains why it's permanently stuck, and is the sort of trick you'd expect from a mobster whose bar doubles as a low-budget Bond villain lair.

With no way in the final game to remove, damage, or even examine the tire, its implementation as a separate object would seem to be altogether pointless.

Finally, the open hood can't be examined because popping it sets off the car bomb. Here's what you would have read:

Street Mugger

The street mugger and his assorted injuries all carry descriptions, but the injuries aren't selectable and trying to examine the mugger results in immediate death by gunshot.

Alley Mugger

...which explains why trying to look closer only gets you knocked out.

Sugar Shack

Another character who'll attack before you can examine her.

Alligator

Not only do you get eaten instead of receiving the first description, but you're given no chance to examine the dead alligator before being whisked back to the screen you came from.

Bum

There's an unused version of the bum's tip with slightly different wording.

Pete's All Nite Gun Palace

You get generic 'no effect' messages if you try to barter at the gun shop.

Taxi Cabs

This should probably be the result of trying to punch a cab driver, but all you get is a generic failure message (e.g. 'The cab driver seems unaffected.')

Ace Harding's Office

Several strings are associated with the hit man, but if you enter the office he shoots you dead before you can try anything. (The 'too far away' message is probably in response to trying to punch him.)

There's also an unused description for Ace's signage when the hit man's silhouette no longer darkens the window:

Sternwood Estate

The butler will unfailingly answer the door knocker...until you sock him, after which you can no longer use the knocker because the game will skip directly from the mansion lawn to the vestibule.

A longer, jokier version of the ransom note.

Windows

These don't seem to apply to any window in the game.

Mirrors

All four mirrors draw on a shared set of properties, including descriptions for before and after you recover your memory. That means that you never see the unique text for the mirror in Siegel's apartment:

Or the one in the Sternwoods' guest room:

Elevators

Yet another class of items whose unique descriptions are suppressed: open elevator doorways.

Non-Responses

Talking to someone who doesn't have an answer for you should prompt one of these reactions:

Instead, people use the same set of failure-to-communicate responses as inanimate objects, even when these make no sense in context. ('The clerk can't hear you', 'You can talk to the clerk all you want, but if he answers ...')

Unused Endings

Being arrested before your memory is restored leaves you a hospitalized vegetable, and being arrested afterward triggers a summary of your trial and how the evidence stacked up for or against you. Either way, this generic ending doesn't show up.

You can elicit various reactions by ripping off the newsboy, the cabbies, and the gun seller, but none of them impact the ending.

This hint points at needing to shade the incriminating notepad with a pencil, but it doesn't appear even if you've taken every necessary step to win except that one.

An early, and completely different, draft of the victory ending. (Instead of a 'Citizen of the Week' award, the finished game grants a diploma from the Ace Harding School of Investigation.)

Credits

The animated 'magic lamp' about box misspells Terry Schulenburg's name as 'Schulenberg'. The initial release contains an unused basic about box that spells his name correctly:

This resource was deleted in the revisions, but the typo in the actual credits wasn't corrected.

Easter Egg

A very obscure easter egg exists near the beginning of the game.

First, go out into the hallway by the women's washroom and take the fly on the doorframe into your inventory.

What, you never noticed the fly? Here it is, highlighted in red:

To click it, you need to position the black tip of the mouse pointer directly over that pixel.

Next, take the fly with you into the women's toilet stall. Open the toilet and place the fly into the toilet window.

Now open the Mac's Control Panel and set the system date to 1/23/45 at 12:34:00 PM. Close the Control Panel.

Finally, click Self, Operate, and the toilet (not the flush handle).

You'll be transported to an altar where the Holy Grail awaits you. (Except in the 1986 edition, where it's mysteriously nowhere in sight.)

You can take and open the Grail, but nothing fits inside it. Neither the altar nor the Grail have any associated strings or code, nor is there any way to return from this location as it has no exits.

Unused Pronoun

STR# 132 defines the four pronouns that can be assigned to an entity in the game world. Guess which one never is:

• he
• she
• it
• zipnick

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This is one of a few places the developers poke fun at their boss, ICOM founder Tod Zipnick, along with the Todd Zipman urine sample and 'Zip is a dip' washroom graffiti.

Developer Message

The creators aimed this line at anyone who managed to decrypt the game's text:

They didn't foresee that one player's feat of reverse engineering would permit their games a commercial revival 30 years later, or they might have greeted him with an ASCII high five.

Unused Code

Speaking of Sean Kasun's efforts, the last two opcodes documented in his reverse-engineered MacVenture spec are apparently never invoked.

He remarks, 'I swear those last 2 are a joke. I've never seen them actually used.'

Debugging

Object Inspector

Text exists for a feature that reports the properties of an object in the game world using natural language.

Error Handling

On encountering an error, the game will attempt to report what it was doing at the time.

These are the possibilities:

• doing something important
• unpacking data map
• opening
• getting boot volume
• looking for data disk
• quitting
• starting a new game
• opening another game
• allocating memory
• checking handles
• reading data file
• saving
• unpacking graphics
• making text
• looking for a font
• cleaning up
• printing

Another five were removed in the 1992 revision.

• filtering: stack overflow in
• filtering: stack underflow in
• filtering: nth (primitive) reached too deep in
• filtering: swap (primitive) reached too deep in
• filtering: the text kludge lives in

If the error is fatal, you have a chance to save your game on the way out:

Still another dialog warns of a RAM shortage...

...and the 1986 release introduced a variant for insufficient RAM at launch.

Build Date

School Of Death Troll Its Not Out Yet Mac Os Catalina

The following is visible in a hex editor at the beginning of the 1986 application. (Rez was a resource compiler included in the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop from Apple.)

The actual creation and modification dates in that revision span June and July.